Optimal Cost-Aware Paradigm for Off-Grid Green Cellular Networks in Oman

Green wireless networks or energy-efficient wireless networks have gained popularity as a research topic due to the ecological and economic concerns of cellular operators. The specific power supply requirements for the cellular base station, such as cost-effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and reliability, can be met by utilizing the technological advances in renewable energy. There are numerous drivers for the deployment of renewable energy technologies and the transition towards green energy. Renewable energy is free, clean, and abundant in most locations throughout the year. Accordingly, this work proposes a novel framework for energy-efficient solar-powered base stations for the Oman site, specifically for off-grid locations where fuel transportation for diesel generator (DG) is a serious concern. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for off-grid sites, the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables optimization software is adapted by considering real-time conditions and its technical feasibility. Different cost factors such as capital cost, salvage cost, replacement cost, operational, and maintenance cost of PV panels, inverters, and batteries also undergo extensive analysis. From the observed results, the total net present cost (NPC) of the proposed system is $27,887, while the net NPC of the DG is estimated at $32,900. Remarkably, the proposed scheme can potentially achieve considerable savings in the operational expenditure at approximately 15.24%. Indeed, these outcomes can provide profound economic, technical, and ecological benefits to the cellular operators of Oman. It also ensures a sizeable reduction in greenhouse gas that supports sustainable green wireless network deployment in remote areas.