Metal–Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks as Catalysts and Photocatalysts for the Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from CO ₂ and Epoxides

The rising concentration of CO ₂ as a greenhouse gas has greatly impacted the global climate, contributing to escalating temperatures worldwide. In this regard, transforming atmospheric CO ₂ from a harmful waste product into valuable chemicals holds immense significance in current modern chemistry. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), renowned for their porous architectures, have been effectively utilized for CO ₂ fixation with epoxides, producing cyclic carbonates, key compounds with diverse applications in solvent systems, pharmaceuticals, and polymer synthesis. These advanced materials, characterized by exceptional surface area, porosity, and structural versatility, have showcased notable catalytic activity, selectivity, and reusability. This review underscores the transformative potential of MOFs and COFs as promoters for the effective transformation of CO ₂ to cyclic carbonates while analyzing the latest advancements in the field. Furthermore, it highlights the role of photocatalytic CO ₂ cycloaddition reactions mediated by these frameworks and delves into the challenges and opportunities for future exploration.