Electrochemical, Photochemical, and Thermochemical Methods for CO ₂ Utilization Through C–C, C–N Coupling and Amide Synthesis Using Noble and Non‐Noble Metal Catalysts

Increased CO ₂ levels threaten climate stability, driving the need for sustainable conversion methods that repurpose CO ₂ into useful chemicals and materials. This review highlights recent advancements in electrochemical, photochemical, and thermochemical approaches for transforming CO ₂ into high‐value products through CC and CN bond formation and amide synthesis, which are key steps in producing fuels, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. Innovations in catalyst design, such as defect‐rich nanostructures and atomically dispersed metals, have significantly improved efficiency and selectivity. Notable progress includes high‐yield electrosynthesis of urea, efficient formate and acetaldehyde production, and integration of photoelectrochemical systems for enhanced energy use. Thermochemical methods further support scalability, with emerging hybrid and plasma‐assisted systems offering promising pathways to industrial application. These developments mark critical steps toward effective CO ₂ utilization aligned with global sustainability objectives. This review elaborates on the future aspects of CO ₂ insertion in C–C, C–N coupling, and amide formation reactions.