Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction to C₂₊ products by non-Cu-based electrocatalysts: challenges and perspectives

Abstract Electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (eCO₂RR) for C₂₊ product generation is crucial for advancing clean energy conversion technologies. Cu-based electrocatalysts have long been regarded as the benchmark for producing C₂₊ products by their moderate adsorption energy for key intermediates and strong C–C coupling capabilities. However, limitations such as poor stability and low selectivity have driven the search for non-Cu-based alternatives. In this review, we carefully analyze the recent progress in non-Cu-based electrocatalysts for eCO₂RR. We identify that the CO₂ activation and adsorption behavior of intermediates significantly influence the C–C coupling steps. Considering this foundation, we propose three non-Cu-based electrocatalysts for C₂₊ products: frustrated Lewis acid-base pair catalyst, chiral catalyst, and molecular catalyst. These catalysts show significant potential for C₂₊ products generation and expanding the catalytic landscape beyond Cu-based systems. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions of this emerging field. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and valuable insights to guide future research efforts in developing novel electrocatalysts, contributing to the advancement of sustainable energy applications.