Simple and Effective Gas-Phase Doping for Lithium Metal Protection in Lithium Metal Batteries

Increasing demands for advanced lithium batteries with higher energy density have resurrected the use of lithium metal as an anode, whose practical implementation has still been restricted, because of its intrinsic problems originating from the high reactivity of elemental lithium metal. Herein, we explore a facile strategy of doping gas phase into electrolyte to stabilize lithium metal and suppress the selective lithium growth through the formation of stable and homogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. We find that the sulfur dioxide gas additive doped in electrolyte significantly improves both chemical and electrochemical stability of lithium metal electrodes. It is demonstrated that the cycle stability of the lithium cells can be remarkably prolonged, because of the compact and homogeneous SEI layers consisting of Li–S–O reduction products formed on the lithium metal surface. Simulations on the lithium metal growth process suggested the homogeneity of the protective layer induced by the gas-phase doping is attributable for the effective prevention of the selective growth of lithium metal. This study introduces a new simple approach to stabilize the lithium metal electrode with gas-phase doping, where the SEI layer can be rationally tunable by the composition of gas phase.