Dependence of Structural Defects in Li₂MnO₃ on Synthesis Temperature

Li 2 MnO 3, an electrode material for Li ion batteries, belongs to the C 2/ m space group and is known to have a cubic-close-packed ( ABC ...) layered structure, in which the transition-metal layer is supposed to have an ordered atomic arrangement with Li atoms at the 2 b site and Mn atoms at the 4 g site. However, recently, it has been reported that this compound usually does not exhibit such an ideal structure and instead contains a large number of structural defects, not only stacking faults but also mixing of Li and Mn atoms between the 2 b and 4 g sites. To elucidate the effect of such structural defects on the electrochemical behavior, we examined the crystal structure of Li 2 MnO 3 synthesized at various temperatures by simultaneously analyzing the stacking faults and cation mixing using FAULTS, a Rietveld code. Our examination showed that the crystals consist of both disordered and ordered domains; the disordered domains contain a large number of stacking faults along the c axis and have considerable Li/Mn atomic mixing within the transition-metal layer, whereas the ordered domains have almost no defects. At low synthesis temperatures, the disordered domains are dominant. However, the ordered domains increase at the expense of the disordered domains above 770 °C and become dominant at higher temperatures. It is also found that the degree of cation mixing in the disordered domains remains almost constant irrespective of synthesis temperature. The crystalline defects such as stacking faults or Li/Mn cation mixing are expected to promote the formation of smooth Li percolation paths. The decreasing of the disordered domains leads to dramatically decreased capacity. This indicates that the observed capacities of Li 2 MnO 3 can be determined by the relative amounts of the ordered/disordered domains in the structure.