Coacervate-Based Materials: Fabrication, Structure, and Applications

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is the spontaneous separation of a homogeneous solution into distinct phases, closely related to biological processes like membrane-less organelle formation. Among LLPS systems, coacervates form through weak interactions and act as minimal in vitro models to replicate cell-like behaviors. Their membrane-less structure, molecular crowding environment, and selective encapsulation properties make them ideal for applications in biomimetic adhesives, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Recent advancements in fabrication techniques have also enabled the creation of diverse coacervate structures, including hybrid materials with enhanced properties, thus broadening their biomedical applications. Despite their great potential, coacervate-based materials also face challenges, such as issues with standardization, insufficient in vivo studies, and limited material diversity. This review covers recent advancements in coacervates, focusing on their properties, fabrication methods, structural versatility, and biomedical applications. We believe it will deepen our understanding of coacervates and inspire future research.